> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.greenzero.eu/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Ionizing Radiation (PEF)

> Ionizing radiation impact category in the PEF methodology

<Warning>
  This impact category is specific to the **Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)** methodology.
</Warning>

## Definition

Ionizing Radiation quantifies potential human health damage from radioactive emissions. The unit is **kBq U‑235 eq** (kilo Becquerel Uranium‑235 equivalents).

## Environmental Mechanism

Nuclear fuel cycles and medical isotope production release radionuclides that may expose workers and the public to harmful radiation doses.

## Calculation in GREENZERO Journey

1. Record radioactive releases over the life cycle.
2. Multiply by ILCD characterization factors (kBq U‑235 eq).
3. Sum for the total impact.

<Info>
  **About ReCiPe 2016**

  ReCiPe 2016 is a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method that provides characterization factors for converting inventory data into environmental impact indicators. It is not a methodology itself, but rather a comprehensive database of impact assessment factors developed by Dutch research institutes.

  The method provides characterization factors that translate emissions and resource use into standardized impact units (e.g., kg CO₂ eq. for climate change, kg SO₂ eq. for acidification). GREENZERO Journey follows ISO 14040/44 methodological standards while using ReCiPe 2016 characterization factors for impact calculations.

  ReCiPe 2016 does not cover ionizing radiation, so these results stand alone in PEF assessments.
</Info>

## Environmental Cost Conversion

A CE Delft cost factor has not yet been established for this category.

## Example Calculation

```
Impact = 50 kBq U-235 eq
```

## Interpretation

This category indicates potential health risk from radioactive substances. Values are typically low except for products involving nuclear energy.

## Reduction Strategies

* Source renewable energy rather than nuclear where feasible
* Ensure strict control of radioactive materials

## Data Quality Considerations

* Local exposure pathways and shielding strongly influence impacts

## Related Impact Categories

* Human toxicity categories